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The article investigates the economic links between the Italian trading companies Brentano, Guaita and Bolongaro, which migrated to Frankfurt on Main before 1700, and the Dutch trading centre Amsterdam. In the eighteenth century they operated branches in both cities and purchased mainly Italian goods and colonial goods from Amsterdam. However, the Amsterdam branches soon grew beyond the role of pure purchasing offices for goods for the German market and became involved in the Amsterdam stacking business and intra-European maritime trade. As a result, the representatives in Amsterdam succeeded in raising the company owners to the upper class there, with the Dutch branches often splitting off from their German parent companies after 1750. The detailed case study analysis here provides an illustration of the great importance of West German foreign trade with the Netherlands when Amsterdam connected the German hinterland to the Atlantic world economy.
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The Dutch timber trade between the 17th and 19th centuries has already been the subject of many historical studies. However, with the exception of Dietrich Ebeling’s fundamental study and a mere handful of other publications, the relationship between the development of the capital-intensive timber wholesale trade and its protagonists has escaped the focus of scholars of economic history. This is astonishing, as the raising of enormous sums of up to 600.000 Reichstaler were required for the Dutch timber trade; sums hardly invested in any other commercial enterprise in Germany at that time. Therefore, the focus of this article is the wholesale timber traders of the 18th century. It includes a detailed analysis, on the basis of own archival research and previous studies, of how the timber wholesalers organised their business (corporate strategies, business practices etc.) and what long-term significance their revenue possessed for the economic development of the participating economic regions of West and South-West Germany. It is thus demonstrated that by about 1750, German timber wholesalers and the Black Forest timber companies had long since ousted their Dutch competitors, acquiring large fortunes. The Dutch timber trade also saw the spreading of capitalist practices (establishment and management of corporations, book keeping, new methods of credit financing etc.), forming an important building block for the further development of the South-West and West German economy. Undoubtedly most important, however, was the emergence of a risk-loving entrepreneurial class with a sufficient capital base and business acumen, which had long since broken away from the “artisanal” notion of self-rafting. Timber wholesalers often also invested assets acquired in the Dutch timber trade in other branches, and these often formed a focal point for the industrialisation of West and South-West Germany after 1815. It can therefore be said that in the 18th century not only did the Dutch timber trade possess an enormous volume, supporting West German economic growth from 1740 onwards, but that it also made a long-term contribution to the structural changes in economy and society in the 19th century.
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On the basis of the few tobacco containers in the German Maritime Museum and through comparison with several receptacles from other collections, it was possible to determine how, in the fourth quarter of the seventeenth century, a Netherlandish manufacturer made the transition from the manufacture of wooden splint boxes to the serial production of brass tobacco tins. As a way of deliberately influencing their distribution, he marketed the boxes for specific previously defined target groups by decorating them with engraved pictorial representations. The most elaborately designed specimens were intended to appeal to courtly cavaliers who, however, soon came to prefer more sophisticated alternatives. The sailors, helmsmen, and gunners on military and large merchant vessels each made up a target group of their own, and were lured to purchase boxes with depictions related specifically to themselves, as was also the case with small-time maritime merchants. When one of these persons purchased a container of this sort, he came to possess not only a practical item for everyday use but also - for the first time in a private context - a prestige object of his specific class. In accordance with guild customs, the members ranking below the masters and skippers otherwise owned no private prestige objects, but only the objects belonging jointly to their groups. The owners of serially produced brass tins were clearly distinguished from the wealthy merchants, the skippers of voyages to the East Indies, and even the naval officers on warships through the production of individual tobacco receptacles from more precious materials and with more individualized pictorial representations to indicate their elevated standing. With its handful of serially and individually produced tobacco containers, the German Maritime Museum offers an exemplary overview of the entire spectrum of these prestige objects designed for the seafarers of the eighteenth century.
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„Trotz zahlreicher wirtschaftlicher, militärischer oder religiöser Kontakte zwischen den helvetischen Kantonen und den Vereinigten Provinzen im Verlauf des 17. Jahrhunderts bleibt die Rolle der Schweiz in der Entwicklung der Landschaftsmalerei in den Niederlanden jener Zeit in mancher Hinsicht noch im Dunkeln. Dieser Artikel befasst sich nicht so sehr mit der Reisetätigkeit von Individuen als vielmehr mit der Verbreitung wesentlicher Motive aus der Schweiz, die im Repertoire der niederländischen Maler Eingang gefunden haben. So haben beispielsweise der Vorder Glärnisch, der natürliche Felsbogen von Pierre Pertuis oder der Rheinfall bei Schaffhausen dazu beigetragen, helvetisches Naturerbe in ganz Europa und in der europäischen Kunstauffassung bekannt zu machen.“
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„Seit der Renaissance wurde den niederländischen Landschaftsmalern immer wieder vorgeworfen, sich lediglich mit der Darstellung von Landschaften zu begnügen, die sich an denjenigen der Vereinigten Provinzen orientierten. Die Alpen wurden von den Reisenden in der Regel noch gemieden und gehörten für die meisten Künstler in den Bereich des Imaginären. Ab Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts wurden jedoch für die Maler die Traversierung der Alpen und damit Darstellungen, die direkt von der Natur inspiriert waren, unumgänglich. Die niederländischen Künstler waren in der Folge an der Ausarbeitung und Verbreitung eines stereotypen Bildes der Alpen in den Niederlanden und darüber hinaus in ganz Europa beteiligt. Mit der Fixierung dieser Vorstellung von Gebirgswelt wurden die Alpen im 18. Jahrhundert zu einem bekannten europäischen Landschaftstyp, während parallel dazu die ikonographischen und formalen Lösungen der niederländischen Meister in der Landschaftsmalerei eine zentrale Rolle einnahmen und schliesslich in die erhabenen Landschaften des 19. Jahrhunderts mündeten.“
Erkunden
Disziplin
- Geschichte (9)
- Kunst, Architektur, Kultur (5)
Epoche
- 0500–1482 (1)
- 1482–1588 (1)
- 1795–1830 (3)
- Epochenübergreifend (3)
Erscheinungsjahr
Thema
- Alpen (Motiv) (1)
- Amsterdam (2)
- Expansion (1)
- Fernhandel (1)
- Flößerei (1)
- Fossa Eugenia (1)
- Frankfurt am Main (1)
- Geschichtsschreibung (1)
- Handel (2)
- Historische Kartografie (1)
- Holland (1)
- Holzhandel (1)
- Italien (1)
- Italiener (1)
- Kartografie (1)
- Kaufmann (1)
- Kulturbeziehungen (1)
- Landschaftsmalerei (2)
- Malerei (1)
- Monschau (1)
- Niederländer (2)
- Niederrhein-Gebiet (1)
- Norddeutschland (1)
- OA/Volltext (3)
- Plastik (1)
- Provinz Limburg (Niederlande) (1)
- Repräsentation (1)
- Schiffer (1)
- Schifffahrtskanal (1)
- Schweiz (2)
- Seefahrer (1)
- Tabak (1)
- Tabaksdose (1)
- Tuchindustrie (1)
- Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (1)
- Westdeutschland (1)
- Wirtschaft (1)
- Wissenschaftstransfer (1)
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